Smartphone Sector Between Attack and Defense Strategies Free Essays

Smartphone sector between attack and defense strategies The macro-environment of smartphone sector is very complex and dynamic, especially in the technological aspect like the recent tablet invention. The aggressive competition between companies pushed them to adopt many kinds of actions and strategies to protect their position in the market and to anticipate any unexpected changes in the future. In fact, like military, companies take the position of attacker or defender. We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphone Sector Between Attack and Defense Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now One attack strategy which is called bypass technic is materialized by new ideas, concepts and a high hardware and software innovation. For example, with the sleek and beautiful design of Samsung and iPhone the longtime leader Nokia had been easily overtook. However, this basic strategy requires a huge investment in research and development and particularly in Android operating system including downloads, videos, photos, blogs, internet surfing, etc. Moreover, companies can also attack directly their competitors with reducing prices and improving quality to satisfied customers and to enhance the brand image. This strategy was used by iPhone in 2007, by reducing the price from $599 to $399 – a 33% rebate – after only 3 months from the initial product launch. Nonetheless, this decision has been judged as a mistake for the reason that Apple most faithful costumers have rightfully felt being betrayed and exploited. They could have waited 6 more months before reducing the price of the iPhone, or they could have delayed the iPhone launch for 3 months, or they could have decided to price the iPhone at $399 since the initial launch. and since July 2008, the iPhone 3G is sold at $199, 50% less than the September 2007 price, 66% less than the launch price of just one year earlier. Like those mistakes prove that direct attack strategies require a perfect policy prices. Flank strategies are quite used in this sector . we can mention for instance the decision of iPhone to prosecute Samsung for the pretext that the company has imitated its design and concepts. That’s show that iPhone focus on Samsung weaknesses to influence the customer behavior. However, companies aren’t always in the position of attacker and often counterattack their competitors. For example, when apple introduced 5-megapixel camera, LED flash and Photo and video geotagging in its iPhone 4S, Samsung launched its Galaxy range to preserve its market share. In other side, the increasing rhythm of innovation pushed smartphone producers to avoid direct confrontation especially if there is a big gap between competitors. For instance, Nokia is now unable to recuperate its leadership in Mobil phone sector and try now to target specific customers, particularly lower middle classes. After those global analyses of the smartphone sector, we will identify below the leader’s strategies and what segmentation is using. Samsung outshines Apple in smartphone shipments, market share Top Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share Q3 2011 (Units in Millions) Vendor| 3Q11 Unit Shipments| 3Q11 Market Share| 3Q10 Unit Shipments| 3Q10 Market Share| Year-over-year Change| Samsung| 23. 6| 20. 0%| 7. 3| 8. 8%| 223. 3%| Apple| 17. 1| 14. 5%| 14. 1| 17. 0%| 21. 3%| Nokia| 16. 8| 14. 2%| 26. 5| 32. 0%| -36. 6%| HTC| 12. 7| 10. 8%| 5. 9| 7. 1%| 115. 3%| Research In Motion| 11. 8| 10. 0%| 12. 4| 15. 0%| -4. 8%| Others| 36. 1| 30. 6%| 16. 6| 20. 0%| 117. 5%| Total| 118. 1| 100. 0%| 82. 8| 100. 0%| 42. 6%| http://news. cnet. com How to cite Smartphone Sector Between Attack and Defense Strategies, Essay examples

City Life free essay sample

In the summer, in hot temperature, millions of vehicles have to stay bumper to bumper because of slow-moving traffic, which for many can be quite a hassle. Usually, when there is an accident on the road, traffic jams get worse, thus, it is not absolutely extraordinary for people living in the city to spend a substantial amount of time outside the house. Secondly, it is possible to face up with poor hygiene and sanitation conditions in the city. The more residential overcrowding it is, the higher the air pollution and environmental contamination are. Local authorities are unable to handle a large amount of municipal solid waste because of a lack of prudent management. Moreover, with the urban development, a range of building and skyscraper projects come out. As a result, people suffer from the polluted noise from construction works. In conclusion, although city life is growing, it does not mean that people can feel more comfortable. We will write a custom essay sample on City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A hectic lifestyle, appalling living conditions and slow-moving traffic are posing a threat to people’s daily life. Hence, they must consider a number of solutions to combat these issues. Otherwise, they will face numerous serious diseases.

10 Chlorine Facts (Cl or Atomic Number 17)

10 Chlorine Facts (Cl or Atomic Number 17) Chlorine (element symbol Cl) is an element you encounter every day and need in order to live.  Chlorine is atomic number 17 with element symbol Cl. Fast Facts: Chlorine Symbol: ClAtomic Number: 17Appearance: Greenish-yellow gasAtomic Weight: 35.45Group: Group 17 (Halogen)Period: Period 3Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2  3p5Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774) Chlorine Facts Chlorine belongs to the halogen element group. It is the second lightest halogen, after fluorine. Like other halogens, its an extremely reactive element that readily forms the -1 anion. Because of its high reactivity, chlorine is found in compounds. Free chlorine is rare but exists as a dense, diatomic gas.Although chlorine compounds have been used by man since ancient times, pure chlorine was not produced (on purpose) until 1774 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele reacted magnesium dioxide with spiritus salis (now known as hydrochloric acid) to form chlorine gas. Scheele did not recognize this gas as a new element, instead believing it to contain oxygen. It wasnt until 1811 that Sir Humphry Davy determined the gas was, in fact, a previously unidentified element. Davy gave chlorine its name.Pure chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas or liquid with a distinctive odor (like chlorine bleach). The element name comes from its color. The Greek word chloros means greenish-yellow.Chlorine is the 3rd most abundant element in the ocean (about 1.9% by mass) and 21st most abundant element in the Earths crust. There is so much chlorine in the Earths oceans that it would weigh 5x more than our present atmosphere if it were somehow suddenly released as a gas.Chlorine is essential for living organisms. In the human body, its found as the chloride ion, where it regulates osmotic pressure and pH and aids digestion in the stomach. The element is usually obtained by eating salt, which is sodium chloride (NaCl). While its needed for survival, pure chlorine is extremely toxic. The gas irritates the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Exposure to 1 part per thousand in air may cause death. Since many household chemicals contain chlorine compounds, its risky to mix them because toxic gases may be released. In particular, its important to avoid mixing chlorine bleach with vinegar, ammonia, alcohol, or acetone.Because chlorine gas is toxic and because its heavier than air, it was used as a chemical weapon. The first use was in 1915 by the Germans in World War I. Later, the gas was also used by the West ern Allies. The effectiveness of the gas was limited because its strong odor and distinctive color alerted troops to its presence. Soldiers could protect themselves from the gas by seeking higher ground and breathing through damp cloth since chlorine dissolves in water. Pure chlorine is obtained primarily by electrolysis of saltwater. Chlorine is used to make drinking water safe, for bleaching, disinfection, textile processing, and to make numerous compounds. The compounds include chlorates, chloroform, synthetic rubber, carbon tetrachloride, and polyvinyl chloride. Chlorine compounds are used in medicines, plastics, antiseptics, insecticides, food, paint, solvents, and many other products. While chlorine is still used in refrigerants, the number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the environment has dramatically declined. These compounds are believed to have contributed significantly to the destruction of the ozone layer.Natural chlorine consists of two stable isotopes: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. Chlorine-35 accounts for 76% of the natural abundance of the element, with chlorine-37 making up the other 24% of the element. Numerous radioactive isotopes of chlorine have been produced.The first chain reaction to be discovered was a chemical reaction involving chlorine, not a nuclear reaction, as you might expect. In 1913, Max Bodenstein observed a mixture of chlorine gas and hydrogen gas exploded upon exposure to light. Walther Nernst explained the chain reaction mechanism for this phenomenon in 1918. Chlorine is made in stars via the oxygen-burning and silicon-burning processes. Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915Winder, Chris (2001). The Toxicology of Chlorine. Environmental Research. 85 (2): 105–14. doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110

Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essays

Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essays Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essay Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essay Modern scientific discipline has advanced quickly in the station modern period. It has been possible by the dints of computing machine. Use of computing machine began in Bangladesh in the sixtiess and assumed wider dimension in the 1890ss. Information Technology is today a well-known affair. IT began to presume greater acceptableness in this state from the center of the 1890ss. The first computing machine in Bangladesh ( erstwhile East Pakistan ) was installed at the atomic energy centre, Dhaka of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1964. It was an IBM Mainframe Computer of 1620 series. The chief usage of the machine was deciding complicated mathematical computations in different research plant. In the 1960ss rapid enlargement of bank and insurance every bit good as trade and commercialism including scientific research at both place and abroad increased manifold the volume of everyday accounting plants which necessitated celerity in this occupation. In many o f the large organisations, care of histories manually became about impossible. During this period a figure of large organisations of the state set up dearly-won Mainframe Computer. The so Habib Bank installed IBM 1401 computing machine while the United Bank used IBM 1901 in the late 1960ss. These computing machines belonging to the 3rd coevals Mainframe type were chiefly used for full accounting plants of these Bankss. Before the independency, an IBM 360 computing machine was set up at the Bureau of Statistics in 1969. A Mainframe computing machine was besides installed at Adamjee Jute Mills during the same period. Before independency, inclusion of computing machine hardware and package related classs in the course of study of Mathematics, Physics, Applied Physics and Electronics at university degree instruction began, though in a limited way.After independency cybernations procedure in this state got a new jet. In this mode bangladesh agency of statistics, played an of import funct ion. Large computing machines like IBM 370, IBM 9100 and IBM 4341 etc were installed in this organisation in stages since 1972. The development of cybernation procedure in this organisation still continues and different powerful computing machines and other extremist modern IT equipment of subsequent coevalss have since been installed at that place. In September 1979 an IBM 370 and an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer were introduced at the bangladesh university of technology and engineering ( BUET ) and BUET Computer Centre was besides established. This Computer Centre has been playing a pioneering function in leaving computing machine instruction in Bangladesh and circulating computing machine engineering in the state. atomic energy research ESTABLISHMENT ( AERE ) at Savar installed an IBM 4341 Mainframe Computer in 1981. The Dhaka University Computer Centre began its journey with an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer in 1985. The innovation of microprocessor by the Intel Corporation of the Un ited States in 1971 brought about a revolution in the form and capableness of computing machine. Microprocessor based computing machines started to look in the markets. Personal Computer or Personal computer innovated by the IBM ( International Business Machines ) company hit the market in 1981. Later on high-octane microprocessors began to germinate one after another aboard powerful Personal computers. The IBM did non maintain any prohibitive ordinance about fabricating IBM compatible computing machines from the really get downing. This brought about radical alterations in their monetary values and their utilizations besides multiplied. On the other manus Apple Computer Incorporate besides released in the market Apple-Macintosh computing machine evolved by them. But the Apple did non follow any broad policy in doing their compatible computing machine and therefore the monetary value of Macintosh computing machine remained really high that precluded it from accomplishing expected popularity. Nevertheless, due to some particular practical privileges Apple-Macintosh were widely used peculiarly in publishing industries. Personal computers became easy available due to its easy usage and bargain rate in monetary value. As a consequence, usage of Personal computers started to increase in Bangladesh chiefly since the last portion of the 1880ss, particularly in instruction and concern concerns. However, wider usage of computing machine in Bangladesh accelerated from the ninetiess. Invention of Bangla package Bangla authorship in computing machine was first materialized in 1987 and an applied scientist viz. Mainul Islam deserved the claim of this success. He managed to compose Bangla in Apple-Macintosh computing machine utilizing his self-evolved fount Mainulipi . In this chase the conventional English keyboard was used without utilizing any separate keyboard for Bangla. The difference in type and signifier of Bangla and English alphabets and the jobs associating to Bangla conjunct letters were solved utilizing the advantage of four bed keyboard of Macintosh. Two more Bangla fount, viz. Shahidlipi and Jabbarlipi were evolved instantly after Mainulipi. Following twelvemonth, Internet Explorer in 1988 the first Interface Bijoy functional in Apple-Macintosh computing machine was built under the protections of a non-government administration Anando Computers . The layout of the first Bangla keyboard was besides composed during this clip. Among the initial keyboards, Bijoy and Munir are deserving adverting. In the Interface technique, the Bangla keyboard is attached with the Operating System ( OS ) of the computing machine and Bangla is inscribed in the computing machine by triping this keyboard and choosing a Bangla fount. Bijoy, being a Macintosh based interface and the monetary value of Apple-Macintosh computing machine being excessively high, figure of its users was limited. Its usage was practically confined to printing and publications. Following the usage of Bangla in computing machine, function of computing machine in offices and publishing industries in Dhaka quickly assumed a great dimension. Exportable package development in Bangladesh commenced in 1995 while exportable multimedia system development began in 1997 Use of Internet and e-mail Though the usage of Internet worldwide spread quickly in 1990, Bangladesh joined the bandwagon much later. Use of Internet in the state started in 1995 for the first clip in a limited manner through offline electronic mail. VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal ) was foremost set up in 1996 for Internet intent. Online Internet connexion started mushrooming through an Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) by the name ISN. At present there are more than 50 ISPs in the state ; of these lone BTTB ( Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board ) is authorities owned. Most of the ISPs are Dhaka based. However on-line Internet installations are now besides available outside Dhaka in metropoliss like Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Bogra and Cox s Bazar. Uses and Applications of Computer: In Bangladesh today computing machine is being used in research and educational establishments, authorities and private organisations, concern concerns including bank and insurance, industries, Millss and mills, military installings etc. Among the authorities offices, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics is the largest user of computing machines. The Statistical Bureau at present utilizations computing machine at every stage of saving, processing and analyzing of informations collected from assorted studies including preparation of database.In fiscal establishments including Bankss, peculiarly in private Bankss, care of database and extension of assorted services are progressively acquiring computing machine based. Computerization is besides bit by bit under manner in authorities Bankss. Foreign Bankss played a pioneering function in presenting computerized fiscal minutess in Bangladesh. By utilizing computing machine engineering, these Bankss are being able to give better services to the ir clients by set uping links with inter-branch, inter-bank every bit good as inter-continental Bankss. Most of the local private Bankss are following this today. Some local and foreign Bankss separately or jointly have been running Automatic Teller Machine ( ATM ) web by utilizing computing machine engineering. ATM card device is fast distributing in the state s chief metropoliss. Credit card has besides become popular all over the state since origin in 1999. At present, companies like VISA, Master Card and VANIK are covering with this computing machine based Credit Card Service which is a safe and easy device of pecuniary minutess. Very late a figure of foreign Bankss have introduced Electronic Fund Transfer Service. Microchip installed Smart Cards are besides going popular in the state bit by bit. This device has been proved to be really utile specially in refunding of measures of assorted services oriented organisations and companies. Various engineering based sections and burea us of the Bangladesh Government viz SPARRSO ( Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization ) , Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Survey of Bangladesh, Water Resources Planning Organization ( WARPO ) , Geological Survey of Bangladesh, etc are utilizing computing machine in preparation of their database and function. In peculiar, by utilizing GIS ( Geographic Information Systems ) package, pulling of assorted types of adept maps at shorter clip is being possible. Bangladesh Meteorological Department is now able to supply faster and more accurate conditions prognosis by analysing meteoric informations collected from orbiters and preparation of maps through computing machine. This is enabling people to take readyings during times of natural jeopardies and diminishing the volume of amendss to much extent. Besides, analyses associating to endure and climatic alterations are besides being possible through computing machine mold. Bangladesh Election Commission has taken up a undertaki ng to fix a unflawed elector list with the aid of computing machine. Different authorities and non-government administrations are utilizing Data Base Application Software to run into their several demands. Though these package were imported from abroad in the yesteryear, at present assorted local package companies are being engaged in most of the instances to do these customised software.The direction and running of big graduated table and of import industrial concerns of the state are now to much extent dependant on computing machine engineering peculiarly those industries where it is basically of import to maintain integral the qualitative criterion of the goods produced. For illustration, pharmaceutical industries. In these mills, qualitative criterion of drugs is being ensured with the aid of computing machine. Computer organisations In 1983 a national commission was formed aimed at buying computing machines to provide to the authorities demands. In 1988 the commission was renamed as the National Computer Board. This Board was further reformed in 1989 and was made into an establishment under the Ministry of Science and Technology in the name of Bangladesh Computer Council ( BCC ) . BCC has now been working as a authorities advisory organic structure on computing machine. Computer instruction The institutional computing machine instruction began in Bangladesh in 1984 with the initiation of the Computer Science and Engineering Department in BUET. The Computer Science Department at Dhaka University was established on 1st September 1992. At present sections for computing machine instruction have been opened in most authorities and non-government universities in the state every bit good as in four BITS ( Bangladesh Institute of Technology ) . Computer Science classs has besides been opened at Honours degree in a figure of colleges affiliated with the National University. Computer instruction has been included in the course of study at higher secondary degree since 1991 and that of secondary degree since 1994. Assorted private computing machine preparation Centres have been playing critical function in circulating computing machine literacy in the state since the center of the 1990s. Many local computing machine preparation institutes are carry oning devel oping programmes jointly with assorted foreign universities and institutes. At present rather a few computing machine related magazines are being published on a regular basis. Some of these magazines besides release Multimedia or CD ( Compact Disk ) versions side by side paper printed editions. Programs for set uping Computer and IT Villages at Kaliakair in Gazipur territory off Dhaka and at Mohakhali in Dhaka City have been taken at authorities enterprise. When implemented the usage and civilization of computing machine and information engineering in Bangladesh will increase many times. INITIATIVES TAKEN BY THE GOVT. PRIVATE SECTOR TOSTREGTHEN OUR ICT SECTOR: Digital Bangladesh is presently the most normally used words in political relations, media, among the intellectuals and the civil societies. Since our Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in her party s election pronunciamento pledged to develop a digital Bangladesh by 2021, it has given a great hope to the citizens of Bangladesh. It turned out to be an chance for our premier curate to be in the United States during the clip of election, and sing the Obama election run. Her acquisition has helped Awami League wining the election in Bangladesh in 2008 with Obama-like run strategy-the call for change , which has been responded widely by the Bangladeshi citizens. However, the focal point here is Digital Bangladesh, widely accepted by Bangladeshi people from all walks of life. Not excessively many people understood the construct of digital Bangladesh but they believed it, as something related to information engineering. It has been widely accepted by a good figure of immature electors, believ ing that the construct of Digital Bangladesh will work out most of our national crisis affecting corruptness, unemployment, illiteracy, poorness and price-hike. Even though without cognizing Bangladesh has already gone through a spot of experience on digitisation through few national degree of ICT undertakings, such as, Chittagong Customs Automation System, choice procedure of teletalk mobile user through cyberspace, undertaking initiated by the pervious authorities on machine-readable digital passport system and eventually the successful cybernation of national elector ID. However, we have full trust and religion in our freshly elected authorities, that hopefully one twenty-four hours, it will give us the gift of Digital Bangladesh, as promised, by twelvemonth 2021. But our cardinal inquiry here is how digital Bangladesh will be built and how will it impact on our day-to-day life, the economic system and society at big. Is digital Bangladesh a world or a practical dream made by our leaders to acquire our attending and precio us ballots? Digital Bangladesh is a uninterrupted procedure of development. For those who thinks that it can be developed in a specific clip and budget is perfectly incorrect. The whole procedure requires tonss of undertakings, for which we have to be prepared. After all, digitisation is the lone tract to economic success, quality instruction, public wellness and besides bring forthing transparence in administration with full public engagement. There should be no uncertainty that in 20th century the way to the information society is the lone way for the development of human civilisation. So our end is how we build this digital Bangladesh. The initial measure of constructing a Digital Bangladesh is developing a roadmap to digital Bangladesh, including undertakings, plans, working methodological analysis and timeline. In the election pronunciamento Awami League affirmed to resuscitate the ICT undertaking force formed during their last term. The ICT taskforce may originate the procedure of doing the roadmap. Their first work of the revived undertaking force would be to fix an e-readiness program to asses the current ICT resources and skilled human resources of Bangladesh. This may include measuring the current substructure, internet handiness, available skilled ICT professional, digitization degree of the state and others. After a good appraisal, the occupation will be to place the undertakings and plans that need to be focused, and all the sectors, including public and private that need enhancement and development. The ICT undertaking force must organize with the relevant stakeholders to work together in come oning diff erent undertakings. The stakeholders may include the authorities organic structures, for illustration, the ministry of finance, instruction, telecommunication and information ; and the educational institutes, ICT work groups including relevant the private sector organic structures. Different workgroups should be formed in assorted beds for assorted undertakings. A good working methodological analysis of diagnosing, design and executing should be followed to implement any digitisation undertaking within a strong instructional model. The work must be monitored carefully keeping planetary criterions. Few states, like, New Zealand, South Africa and Chile are nearing toward a similar end of digitisation for the past several old ages. Those patterns can be followed and if necessary international advisers and adviser squad could be hired. A good national connectivity is really much necessary in order to make the services provided by the information engineering. Access to the web in urban country must be improved at a more accelerated rate. High quality cyberspace services must be provided from metropolis to little stray countries with dependable anchor web. A backup web demands to be installed along with the current one, with the available current anchor system. An low-cost and subsidised monetary value must be provided to internet users in order to advance cyberspace usage with a proper preparation plan. A sustainable and dependable nation-wide web substructure will beef up the information main road of the state therefore extinguishing the digital divide between rural and urban countries. Decentralization and digital authorities services can be provided for all citizens. E-governance is another country meriting attending. Electronic administration is utilizing information engineering by the public sectors to supply service and information, and promoting citizens to take part democratically in the decision-making procedure by doing authorities more transparent and accountable. A good functionary web portal and information depositary demands to be developed to supply citizens with all necessary information from different authorities ministries. All kinds of signifiers and application should be available for download by the populace ; besides, to cut down bureaucratic complication, on-line entry can be added. For deriving transparence and cut downing corruptness, stamp command, revenue enhancement filing and secret plan allocation can besides be made through this web portal. In add-on, a good belongings record direction system needs to be developed to extinguish the difference on land ownership which leads to multitude of legal jobs and tribunal instanc es. The old manual system is non effectual. It provides no organized information, but generates hassle sing heritage and record transportation. For effectual use, these systems must hold Bengali interface, as our English reading and speech production capacity is relatively really low. Proper research must be done in Bengali character acknowledgment system, address reorganisation system and natural linguistic communication emanation system. Open beginning package, non-pirated and free package, should be encouraged to be used at all degrees of authorities ICT undertakings to minimise the cost. In add-on to this, we need to be concerned about the other portion of digitisation, which is cyber offense and information hacking, by protecting our systems against any malicious onslaught. Recently, Rajuk was victimized, where interlopers have hacked the system garnering valuable personal information of secret plan proprietors, demanding money for their secret plan installment. We need to larn these mistakes to protect our system and public consciousness. In order to make an advanced society, the instruction system must be foremost targeted. A separate digital web should be built to link all the educational institutes to portion resources, learning stuffs and research work, like it is in Sri Lanka, UK and USA. An advanced rhythm of university-industry relationship should be developed with digital coordination and resource-sharing. With the aid of distance acquisition and digital and audio acquisition system, instructors, pupils and vocational trainers from all over the state can get quality acquisition and digital abilities. With the aid of digital acquisition system, larning will non be limited to category suites merely. Technologies like digital library, picture talk, multimedia category room and knowledge-based information depository will better the employability, literacy and accomplishment of the state. A higher direction information system could be developed for the University Grant Commission to administrate and supervise all t he institutes under its control. All types of concern including little, average sized or large should integrate ICT through e-business and e-commerce. Our merchandises and services should be promoted in the planetary market with appropriate ICT technology-oriented selling schemes. For the concern community, inter-bank money transportation and dealing, loan system, L/C, finance, transportation, supply concatenation and recognition can be done electronically to supply a suited and friendly environment for the concern to vie with other states. A dedicated corporate web line can be built to actuate the concern community in ICT usage. The freshly installed Chittagong mechanization system can be a good illustration of how with less bureaucratism and rapidly, goods could be released, supplying more comfort to the concern environment. Online stock trading system would affect more bargainers from different communities to take part in capital market. The legal and the wellness system besides play a important function in all countries of the community. A knowledge-based online digital legal system dwelling of instance, records, jurisprudence and policies is of import for the judicial system. The attorneies should hold adequate resources available to support their clients every bit good as the Judgess to do determination reasonably. Without the entree of these stuffs justness will be difficult to accomplish for the hapless people. Digitization of the bench system will besides beef up the democratic procedure of the state. Even though the private wellness sector has developed their direction system, the populace sector is manner behind.A good patient-doctor direction system on all pubic infirmaries will better the wellness services in distant countries. New engineerings like telemedicine presently in usage as pilot undertakings can be used more loosely for supplying audience for particular instances on stray vicinities. Like the ben ch, a similar cognition depository system for the physicians and nurses will better the map of the wellness sector. Last but rebelliously non the least is the ICT sector, which is likely one of the most ignored sectors in the state. In order to develop a sustainable and efficient Digital Bangladesh, the authorities must foremost set their extreme attending in resuscitating this sector. Due to negligence and failed constabularies, the ICT sector has gone through tonss of ups and downs in the last few old ages. The authorities should take all necessary stairss to reengineer this sector from top to bottom to derive economic advantage like our adjacent state India. Through outsourcing, the state can gain more concern from the outside universe, which would play a critical function in the economic system. The last caretaker authorities has started the call centre concern by supplying licences to several companies. These companies are still in their initial phase supplying backend office services to western states. More call Centre markets are expected to be created in the hereafter. In order to acquire a portion of this market, the authorities should take proper enterprises in developing a skilled work force, with good English speech production quality and dependable, inexpensive telecommunication web. Finally, we have to develop a more adaptable and applicable ICT policy guaranting transparence supported by a proper legal model and promise for capacity edifice. The proposed ICT2003 had several defects, which needs proper rating procedure. However, the present authorities has five old ages to demo their success on how fast they are nearing towards their vision of 2021 of digital Bangladesh. Time is really short, the undertakings are many, and the outlooks are really high. The people are continuously supervising whether their leaders pre-election pledge of a Digital Bangladesh is being implemented decently. Barriers TO MAKE A DIGITAL BANGLADESH: Ours is one of the development state in the 3rd universe.As our authorities has taken luxuriant plan to do digital Bangladesh ; there are some barriers to obtain the ends. The barriers are as follows: Bangladesh has non sufficient engineering to do a digital Bangladesh. Internet base computing machine is non available. Our technological betterment is centered on Dhaka and others large metropoliss. Our computing machine based population is non equal. Political crises are one of the barriers behind this intent. Electricity job is besides haltering the procedure. Unadjusted allotments among different sectors. ICT sectors are non good developed. SUGGESTIONS TO OVERCOME THESE PROBLEMS: We shall now show our proposal to work out the job. One serious lacking of our policy shapers is, they ever look at the transit job as a aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"physical problemaa‚ ¬A? and therefore enterprise to work out it through aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"physical measuresaa‚ ¬A? merely. The fact is, transit job by nature has two facets: physical and administrative, and needs to be addressed consequently. Bangladesh govt. should get down its operation from upper degree. Internet must be used in territory and upazila degrees. ICT must be introduced to our people. Government should promote our people about digital Bangladesh. Employer must hold cognition about computing machine. Education sectors must be digitalized. THE BOTTOM LINE: Bangladesh is a hapless state with surplus of population and no famine of jobs. For such a state failure in any dearly-won plan may turn out fatal. We hope, in position of their legion failures in the past, we believe and request that this clip the concerned governments would endeavor for honest and intelligent solutions. Our govt. is seeking to develop our state. Vision 2021 is a maestro program over this intent. As our computing machine history is non enriched ; there are some barriers which hamper our objects. If our people sincere about utilizing computing machine and cyberspace ; digital Bangladesh aims will be achieved. For this authorities should guarantee better status.

Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Ideologies - Essay Example The purpose of communism is to have common ownership of properties. The government regulates access to labor and its produce on to what is satisfactorily needed by each individual in the society. There are different kinds and forms of communism developed by several philosophers such as Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. But we shall focus on the economic reforms that both Libertarianism and Communism wish to offer. Communism believes that the working class is the solution, and that giving more power to the working class, dissolving any division in the society and avoiding any possible exploitation from the capitalist class can eliminate a division in society. This is why the government chooses to regulate the economy, and abolishes private ownership. Communism sees capitalism as a mere exploitation of the working class. Rousseau's (1978) origin story of the bourgeois political order holds that the ideology of communism, evolves through a pledge by the citizenry, a social pact to establish equality among each other, that they will place themselves under the same conditions and enjoy the same rights (p. 76). Libertarianism and Communism are two opposite ideology, put it simply, the first gives importance and the sanctity of an individual’s freedom, separate from any control by society. It is the free will and independence of man and his own volition that controls his fate. On the other hand, the Communist is ruled by the society, as a working class, co-equal in everything without any other class or division. It is unity between every man, without having one man better than the other. This â€Å"one† society regulates and controls each other, making sure that no one man exploits another. The Libertarian wishes every man to love â€Å"live his life in any way he chooses so long as he respects the equal rights of others" (Boaz, p. 2). The Communist ideology on the other hand abolishes the idea of â€Å"private property† and follows common ownership. A man is viewed as one with society. It is the society and the community that holds property in order to prevent any division in society, of having one person higher or richer than the other. Economically, a very good example of this ideology of libertarianism is economic freedom through the doctrine of laissez faire, in which free enterprise between businesses is upheld without government intervention. The opposite of this would be the ideology imposed by Communism, in which the government takes economic control, to avoid the business owners or so called capitalists to exploit its working class. The defect of Communism lies on the very existence of every individual, the component of free will. In order to attain equality and fairness, the Communist removes every chance for an individual to work better for his own accomplishments. He is not allowed to go beyond his means or ability in order to have a better and improved life. The control of the mean and resources infringes the righ t of each individual to be rich and successful by his own work and self-motivation. There is hindrance to self-actualization and self-fulfillment. In a country like the United States of America, were all, if not every nationality is part of its citizenry, libertarianism is more appropriate. A free enterprise

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journals - Essay Example † (Mitchell 1). The writer assesses the technique in which the webpage might destroy Harry potter by comparing it to Star Wars. The article has a comical and self-deprecating tone. This is because much of the article is written in a blithe, funny manner. The author makes fun of himself, for instance, when he says, â€Å"opening thousands of pistachio nuts can cause severe thumb-bruising, I can tell you from bitter experience of my life on the brink† (Mitchell 1). The author, Mitchell, has used a simile at the opening of the news story, â€Å"Harry Potter is like football, I’m talking about the literary, cinematic and merchandising phenomenon, not its focal fictional wizard, he isn’t like football† (Mitchell 1). He employs this allegory to include comicalness to the story. According to Mitchell, Potter’s fans are more desperate for more just like football fans that do not get enough of the games, commentary and analysis. The author has also emp loyed imagery, â€Å"every generation must lose its innocence, and must see the brightly painted nursery wall smashed away by the wrecking ball of betrayal to reveal a blighted landscape† (Mitchell 1). ... The article explains more about the achievements of the deceased. Therefore, the author, Migdail-Smith, frames the purpose of the article as the loss of a business icon. The title or the topic of the news article is straight to the point and a reader can predict the contents of the article without reading it. However, the topic of the article is not particularly captivating. Connotations of the linguistic signs presented in a news article are imperative to the significance of the news item to the person who reads. The meanings of the news item are observed within a framework recognizable by the reader. The headlines of an article should purpose to attract the reader. This article is purely objective and does not express the writer’s opinions on the subject matter. Additionally, the writer uses short sentences and simple words making it easier for the reader to understand. For instance, the writer uses, â€Å"the elder Carlino, who died Friday at age 92, lived in Montgomery Co unty† and â€Å"Penn National, routinely named among the fastest-growing companies nationally, continues to operate from Wyomissing† (Migdail-Smith 1). The article has a somber tone, which is established at the beginning of the article when the author notes, â€Å"The man who laid the foundation for what is now Penn National Gaming Inc. has died†. Anyone reading this article is expected to show grief and express sympathy to the family for their loss Journal 3 Article â€Å"Sick internet 'troll' who posted vile messages and videos taunting the death of Teenagers is jailed for 18 WEEKS† In this article explains how a man was sentenced to 18 years in prison for posting spiteful and horrible comments in Facebook about teenagers who had committed

Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis Comparison of Two and Three Vertebral Segment Posterolateral Fusion in the Treatment of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis Serkan BILGIC, Omer ERSEN, Tolga EGE, Kenan KOCA, Selahattin OZYUREK, Safak EKINCI, Erbil OGUZ, Ali SEHIRLIOGLU ABSTRACT Background Optimal surgical treatment method of isthmic spondylolisthesis remains unclear. Complications can be invited while saving a segment for lumbar motion. Objective The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of fusion levels on the clinical results of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF. Patients and Methods This retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF (Postero-lateral fusion) between January 2005 and May 2011. Pre and post-operative radiological evaluation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, oblique and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs. Results The mean age of the patients was 36.4 ± 9.2 years and the mean follow-up period was 34.3 months. Two-level fusion was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurological complication after surgery in either group. No union complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four patients were revised with two-level PLF. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local bone grafts and DBM have significantly better clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option. Key words:Istmic spondylolisthesis, Posterior lumbar interbody fusion, Fixation Background Lumbar spondylolisthesis is present in about 5% to 6% of the population with various etiopathogenesis. Due to its variant pathological anatomy, the radiological appearance, age and clinical aspect of the patients are different on diagnosis. It generally starts as spondylolysis, a bilateral pars fatigue fracture and becomes spondylolisthesis with a slip of a vertebra over the adjacent one. As the slip increases, disc degeneration and pain starts (1-3). Although conservative treatment is the first treatment option, surgery for symptomatic spondylolisthesis in adults has been found to have better clinical results than conservative treatment choices (3, 4). However, it remains unclear which surgical strategy should be adopted, as there is limited scientific evidence on which to base an optimal treatment method. Discussions on spondylolisthesis treatment have generally focussed on reduction, fusion levels, graft choices, and surgical techniques (5-7). One of the most preferred surgical treatment options for spondylolisthesis is posterior transpedicular instrumentation of the relevant segments and posterolateral fusion (PLF) (5, 7). However, it is still a matter of controversy in literature as to how many levels should be fused and instrumented. Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of fusion levels on the clinical results of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF. Materials and Methods This retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF between January 2005 and May 2011. Patients with spondylolisthesis other than Type 2 according to the Wiltse classification were excluded from the study. Pre and post-operative radiological evaluation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, oblique and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs. The decompression decision was made preoperatively according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and patients preoperative neurological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative neurological status, duration of surgery, number of fused and instrumented levels, total blood loss and complications were evaluated from the clinical database. For clinical evaluation of surgical outcomes, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) a nd Visual Analog Scale (VAS) applied at the final follow-up were used. 3.1 Surgical procedure: Exposure was obtained from the spinous processes to the transverse processes bilaterally throughout segments planned for fusion. Under fluoroscopic control, 6.5 mm pedicle screws were placed by free-hand technique. No reduction manoeuvre was used. Decompression of the segments, which had been determined by preoperative MRI and clinical examination was performed for the patients with neurological deficit. In all cases PLF was performed. In the area planned for fusion, the spinous processes were resected, peeled off from soft tissues and used for grafting with demineralized bone matrix. Patients were mobilized with a soft brace on the first postoperative day and the brace was continued for 3 months. (Figure 1, 2) 3.2 Statistical analysis We used the SPSS software package (version 15.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL) and expressed categorical variables as percentages and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (quartiles). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate whether the distribution of continuous variables was normal. For parameters that showed normal distribution we used the paired sample t test and for parameters that did not show normal distribution the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at p Results All patients had a history of at least 3 months of lumbar pain due to the spondylolisthesis, which had proved to be resistant to conservative treatment. The mean age of the patients was 36.4 ± 9.2 years and the mean follow-up period was 34.3 months. Low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis was present at L5-S1 level in 23 patients, at L4-5 level in 13 patients and at L3-4 level in 1 patient. Two-level fusion was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurological complications after surgery in either group. Mean duration of surgery for single-level and two-level surgery was 160 minutes and 190 minutes (160-240), and average blood loss was 285 ml and 390 ml respectively. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of demographic properties (Table 1). One of the patients in the two-level PLF group had superficial infection and was treated with debridement and antibiotheraphy. No union complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four patients were revised with two-level PLF. (Figure 3) ODI scores from the final follow-up were 12.2 ±6.2 in the single-level PLF group, and 9.2  ± 6.4 in the two-level PLF group (p=0,035). VAS scores were 3.2 ±1.7 in the single-level PLF group and 2.9 ±1.6 in the two-level PLF group (p=0.043). The ODI and VAS scores of the patients revised with two- level PLF were excluded from the clinical evaluation. Discussion Lumbar spondylolysthesis has several etiopathogenetic factors as was shown by Marchetti and Bartolozzi giving rise to variations in pathological anatomy, radiological findings, age and clinical symptoms of the patients on diagnosis. When conservative treatment options fail, surgery becomes the next step. Although there have been a large number of studies on spondylolisthesis, there is no clear evidence for a single superior treatment option. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and PLF with/without instrumentation are the most widely accepted surgical methods. Whilst PLF with instrumentation is the most preferred treatment for most authors, there is no scientific evidence showing that PLF is disadvantageous compared to PLIF or circumferential fusion (8-11) even though the major theoretical advantage of PLIF and circumferential fusion seems to have resulted in improved outcomes compared with PLF. Ekman et al (12) found that the type of fusi on, whether PLIF or PLF, did not affect the outcome of surgical treatment of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis over a two year follow-up period. Furthermore, PLIF is a more invasive, technically more difficult method requiring a longer operative time, which may result in increased blood loss and higher complication rates (12, 13). Similarly, Kim et al. could not demonstrate any difference between ALIF and PLF with instrumentation (11). Although circumferential fusion was reported as significantly better than PLF at 6 months and 1 year in a study by Swan, no difference was determined at two years (14). In a systematic review of 29 high quality studies, Jacobs and al. found no difference between different fusion techniques (15). In the current study the treatment choice was PLF with instrumentation which is a relatively easy method with a shorter operating time and lower blood loss compared to other techniques in literature. When performing PLF, slip reduction can be achieved during the same procedure. The advantages of slip reduction include improved spine biomechanics, better nerve root decompression and a better opportunity for fusion by relieving tension and shear forces (5). Although the major disadvantage of slip reduction is increased risk of neurological injury, there have been numerous studies evaluating slip reduction for adult low grade spondylolisthesis (14, 16-18). In the current study, slip reduction was not performed to avoid the possibility of potential neurological damage and as all the cases had low grade isthmic spondylolisthesis. To protect one more mobile segment, some authors have preferred single-level postero-lateral instrumentation and fusion instead of two-level (6, 13, 15). However, there is no scientific proof to help determine the number of fusion levels and this decision is based on the surgeon’s empirical experience. In a prospective study by Inage et al, two-level fusion with local bone grafts was shown to cause increased pseudoarthrosis (6). Similarly in a study by Deguchi et al, single-level fusions showed an 82% fusion rate, and two-level fusions, a 74% rate radiologically (19). Higher fusion rates in the two-level fusion group were achieved with rigid spinal implants. The clinical success of that study correlated with the radiological fusion rates. Contrary to the information in literature, local bone grafts mixed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) were used in the current study to achieve union for both groups and no union problem was seen in the two-level fusion group. Pseudoarthros is was observed in four cases in the one -level fusion group. Although some authors have reported incongruity between the clinical results of spondylolisthesis patients and union rates, VAS and ODI are the most reliable clinical tests to evaluate spondylolythesis (9, 10, 20). The results of the current study reveal that two-level posterior instrumentation with PLF has better results than single-level surgery according to VAS and ODI. This study has some limitations. Firstly, the retrospective design did not allow for uniformity of the groups. The number of patients was also limited to achieve generalized results. Although the pedicle screws were all 6.5 mm in size, they were not all from the same manufacturer, so implant problems were disregarded. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local bone grafts and DBM have significantly better clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option. References 1.Floman Y. Progression of lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Spine. 2000;25(3):342-7. 2.Fredrickson BE, Baker D, McHolick WJ, Yuan HA, Lubicky JP. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 1984;66(5):699-707. 3.Osterman K, Schlenzka D, Poussa M, Seitsalo S, Virta L. Isthmic spondylolisthesis in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, epidemiology, and natural history with special reference to disk abnormality and mode of treatment. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1993(297):65-70. 4.Moller H, Hedlund R. Surgery versus conservative management in adult isthmic spondylolisthesisa prospective randomized study: part 1. Spine. 2000;25(13):1711-5. 5.Floman Y, Millgram MA, Ashkenazi E, Smorgick Y, Rand N. Instrumented slip reduction and fusion for painful unstable isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Journal of spinal disorders techniques. 2008;21(7):477-83. 6.Inage K, Ohtori S, Koshi T, Suzuki M, Takaso M, Yamashita M, et al. One, two-, and three-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine with a local bone graft: a prospective study with a 2-year follow-up. Spine. 2011;36(17):1392-6. 7.Zagra A, Giudici F, Minoia L, Corriero AS, Zagra L. Long-term results of pediculo-body fixation and posterolateral fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2009;18 Suppl 1:151-5. 8.Bernhardt M, Swartz DE, Clothiaux PL, Crowell RR, White AA, 3rd. Posterolateral lumbar and lumbosacral fusion with and without pedicle screw internal fixation. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1992(284):109-15. 9.Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, Brower R, Montgomery DM, Kurz LT. 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation. Spine. 1997;22(24):2807-12. 10.Herkowitz HN, Kurz LT. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. A prospective study comparing decompression with decompression and intertransverse process arthrodesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 1991;73(6):802-8. 11.Kim NH, Lee JW. Anterior interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion with transpedicular fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. A comparison of clinical results. Spine. 1999;24(8):812-6; discussion 7. 12.Ekman P, Moller H, Tullberg T, Neumann P, Hedlund R. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 2007;32(20):2178-83. 13.Madan S, Boeree NR. Outcome of posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion for spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 2002;27(14):1536-42. 14.Swan J, Hurwitz E, Malek F, van den Haak E, Cheng I, Alamin T, et al. Surgical treatment for unstable low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults: a prospective controlled study of posterior instrumented fusion compared with combined anterior-posterior fusion. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2006;6(6):606-14. 15.Jacobs WC, Vreeling A, De Kleuver M. Fusion for low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis: a systematic review of the literature. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2006;15(4):391-402. 16.Sears W. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for lytic spondylolisthesis: restoration of sagittal balance using insert-and-rotate interbody spacers. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2005;5(2):161-9. 17.Spruit M, van Jonbergen JP, de Kleuver M. A concise follow-up of a previous report: posterior reduction and anterior lumbar interbody fusion in symptomatic low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2005;14(9):828-32. 18.Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Lee JH, Cho KJ, Kim HG. Adding posterior lumbar interbody fusion to pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion after decompression in spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997;22(2):210-9; discussion 9-20. 19.Deguchi M, Rapoff AJ, Zdeblick TA. Posterolateral fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults: analysis of fusion rate and clinical results. Journal of spinal disorders. 1998;11(6):459-64. 20.Ohtori S, Suzuki M, Koshi T, Takaso M, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, et al. Single-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine with a local bone graft versus an iliac crest bone graft: a prospective, randomized study with a 2-year follow-up. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2011;20(4):635-9. Tables Table 1. Paramaters of groups during surgery 1